R&D expenditure as a determinant of the aggregate innovation index in the V4 countries

Innovation is critical to modern economies’ development; new process requirements within Industry 4.0 highlight its significance and necessity. This study aims identify the relationship between R&D expenditure aggregate innovation index in V4 countries. The statistical data from 2014 2021 are taken European Commission Eurostat databases. analysis focuses on identifying degree of correlation standardized score Aggregate Index amount countries Visegrad Group. uses following methods: Shapiro-Wilk test (to verify normality samples), Pearson’s coefficient check tightness dependency), Tukey examine which have statistically significant differences), chi-squared (Χ2-test). Among countries, Czech Republic was best performer index. Hungary showed second-highest score, Slovakia ranked third place, Poland had lowest score. findings indicate a positive expenditures all However, only Poland. These results were confirmed by differences coefficients, difference coefficients (1.790) (–1.640), respectively. AcknowledgmentThis supported Ministry Education, Science, Research Sport Slovak [grant VEGA No 1/0357/21], “Multiplier effects human capital quality economic performance competitiveness economy.”